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East-owing Godavari, Krishna, Tungabhadra and Ka veri rivers 67 originate in the W estern Ghats while some small rivers ow to the west.

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Kale Advanced Center for Water Resouces Development and Management Download full-text PDF Read full-text Download full-text PDF Read full-text Download citation Copy link Link copied Read full-text Download citation Copy link Link copied References (6) Abstract Geology and Tectonics of the Indian Sub-continent constitute a significant component of the Indian Plate straddling the equator as a part of the Gondwanaland that broke into fragments at 100 Ma and started moving northwards.

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Once fused with adjacent 3 Australia to form a single Indo-Australian Plate, recent studies suggest that India 4 and Australia have been separate plates for at least 3 million years and likely longer.

The Indian Plate includes most of South Asiathe Indian Sub-continentand a 6 portion of the basin under the Indian Ocean, parts of Tibet (South China) and western 7 Indonesia, and extending up to but not including Ladakh, Kohistan, and Baluchistan 8 (Fig.

Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone marks the boundary of this plate with the 9 northern Asian Plate.

The plate has a convergent mar gin along the Himalaya in the 10 north, transform margins in the west and the east, and the oceanic ridge in the Indian 11 Ocean.

In this book, we have dened the Indian Sub-continent as the southern part of Asia 13 comprising India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar.

Tibet, once considered a part of this sub-continent, is linked to this landmass before 15 Permian time.

Although Myanmar, traditionally linked to the Indian Sub-continent, 16 has many tectonic commonalities with the terrains of Thailand and Malaysia.

From 17 the geological point of view, all these countries share many standard geological 18 features that transgress political boundaries.

Countries surrounding the main Indian 19 landmass invariably share the same tectonic and stratigraphic elements.

Km Bhangar Geology License To Springer

We ha ve classied these terrains 25 conned by the Himalayan orogen, Trans-Himalaya, and the Karakoram in the north, 26 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 A.

K. Jain et al., T ectonics of the Indian Subcontinent, Society of Earth Scientists Series, 978-3- 030-42845- 71 1 4910791En1Chapter TYPESET DISK LE CP Disp.: 2122020 Pages: 17 Layout: T1-Standard.

Source T ectonic plates boundaries detailed-fr.svg created by Sting under CC-BY -SA.

File: Indian Plate map-fr.png Kirthar and Sulaiman ranges in the northwest and west, Indo-Myanmar Ranges 27 including Patkai, Naga, Arakan Y oma Mountains in the east extending into the Gulf 28 of Thailand through the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea in west and the Indian 29 Ocean embracing it from the south.

Traditionally, the physiographic characteristics of the Indian landmass encompass 31 the following (Fig.

Peninsular India with uplands and seacoasts, 33 (ii) The Himalayan Range including those in Pakistan and Myanmar, and 34 (iii) The Indus-GangaBrahmaputra Plain sandwiched between the two.

Peninsular India 36 1.2.1 Mountains and Plateaus 37 The NESW-trending Ara valli Range with Archean and Proterozoic rocks extends 38 from Palanpur in Gujarat to Delhi and beyond subsurface up to Haridwar in the 39 Gangetic alluvial plain.

The AQ1 40 Aravalli range forms the water di vide between the rivers of the Ganga and Indus 41 4910791En1Chapter TYPESET DISK LE CP Disp.: 2122020 Pages: 17 Layout: T1-Standard.

Basic map courtesy Ajay Manglik (NGRI Hyderabad) drainage systems.

The Aravalli Range bends southeastwards to join the ENEWSW - 42 trending Satpura Range.

Faulting along the Narmada valle y disconnected the two 43 mountain ranges.

The Satpura Ranges extend ENE from southern Gujarat to central 44 India and beyond.

In the east, it embraces the Rajmahal Hill and Chotanagpur terrain.

The Shillong Plateau or the Meghalaya massif borders Bangladesh and consists of 46 the Garo Hills, the KhasiJaintia Hills and the Mikir Hills.

The Shillong massif acted 47 as a pivot for deecting the Brahmaputra Riv er westwards to skirt around the upland 48 before joining the Ganga in Bangladesh.

In the central part of the Peninsula, the Satpura Range divides the landmass into 50 the northern plateaus of Malwa, Bundelkhand, and Vindh yachal; the southern part 51 4910791En1Chapter TYPESET DISK LE CP Disp.: 2122020 Pages: 17 Layout: T1-Standard.

The Bundelkhand Upland with Late Archean gneisses and gran- 53 ites occur in the deeply dissected ravines of Chambal River.

The Kaimur and Bhainer 54 Plateaus with steep escarpments occur in the Vindhyan Range.

A large tract s outh of 55 the Satpura Ranges and east of the Sahyadri is known as the Deccan Plateau.

The Mysore Plateau, in the south, made up of highly metamor- 58 phosed Archaean gneisses and granites form isolated hillocks of the Bababudan, the 59 Chitradurga Range and the K olar Range (Fig.

AQ2 60 From the T apti Valley in the north to Kanyakumari in the south, the rugged NS 61 range is the Sahyadri Range.

The upper Mesozoic Deccan basalt forms the Northern 62 Sahyadri, the Archaean gneisses and high-grade metamorphic rocks that occur in the 63 Central Sahyadri and late Proterozoic charnockites and khondalites form Southern 64 Sahyadri.

The NNWSSE-trending fractures and faults make the Sahyadri Range 65 a horst mountain.

Its west-facing steep to near-vertical escarpments is known as 66 the W estern Ghats.